• Posted August 19, 2022

Cases of Advanced Cervical Cancer Keep Rising Among U.S. Women

New research points to a conundrum with cervical cancer: While rates of early-stage disease have been dropping in the United States ever since the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was introduced, advanced cases have been on the rise.

Which women are being hit the hardest? The steepest uptick in advanced cervical cancer is occurring in white women who didn't get the HPV shot and who weren't up-to-date with their screening tests, a finding that suggests vaccination works but more women need to get the shots.

Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2006, the HPV shot protects against certain strains of HPV, the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. HPV has been linked to several cancers, including cervical cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, head and neck cancers, anal cancer and penile cancer. Everyone between the ages of 9 and 45 can get the HPV shot.

"In previous research, we saw a steeper decline in cervical cancer in women who would have been eligible for the vaccine, indicating a possible association between the vaccine and cervical cancer rate,"said study author Dr. Alex Andrea Francoeur, an obstetrician and gynecologist at the University of California, Los Angeles.

But HPV vaccination rates still lag behind other childhood vaccinations, Francoeur noted.

For the study, the researchers analyzed cervical cancer data from the U.S. Cancer Statistics program and national survey findings on screening and vaccination from 2001 to 2018. During this timeframe, 29,715 women were diagnosed with advanced cervical cancer. Overall, the rate of advanced cervical cancer increased by nearly 1.5% every year, the investigators found.

When cervical cancer is advanced and has spread, it is much harder to cure. Only about 17% of those women diagnosed with it will survive at least five years, compared with 92% of women who are diagnosed with early cervical cancer, Francoeur noted.

Black women aged 55 to 59 who lived in the South were most likely to be diagnosed with advanced cervical cancer, but the largest increase -- a rate of 4.5% -- was seen among white women aged 40 to 44 from the South, the findings showed.

When compared with Black women, white women were nearly twice as likely not to be screened for cervical cancer at all or not to be screened in line with guidelines, the study showed. HPV vaccination rates were lower in these women. The largest increase in cases was for adenocarcinoma, a subtype of cervical cancer.

"We feel confident that HPV vaccination is overall decreasing total cervical cancer incidence in the U.S.,"Francoeur said. "I think we need to further investigate how to screen our underinsured, rural and minority populations, and continue to educate people on the importance of vaccination."

The new study was published online Aug. 18 in the International Journal of Gynecological Cancer.

Dr. Stephanie Blank is the director of gynecologic oncology for the Mount Sinai Health System in New York City.

When the cervical cancer vaccine known as Gardasil was first rolled out, there was slow uptake in acceptance, she noted.

"Cervical cancer takes years to develop, so what we are seeing here is not the full effect of the HPV vaccine,"Blank explained.

Not enough people are being vaccinated, and those who are getting vaccinated are not young enough when they do receive the shots, she said. Ideally, people should be vaccinated before they are ever exposed to HPV, which occurs most commonly in the late teens and early 20s.

"More vaccinations of all genders and at younger ages should reverse this trend,"Blank said.

Other ways to turn things around include programs to educate people about the HPV vaccine and to ensure that systems are in place so people from under-resourced and under-insured communities have access to vaccination and cervical cancer screening programs, she said.

More information

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more on the HPV vaccine.

SOURCES: Alex Andrea Francoeur, MD, obstetrician/gynecologist, University of California, Los Angeles; Stephanie Blank, MD, director, gynecologic oncology, Mount Sinai Health System, New York City; International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, Aug. 18, 2022, online